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2012考研英语真题与参考答案第二部分

时间:2012-03-19 09:44:21
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  勤思考研讲师发布2012考研英语真题与参考答案第二部分。为2013年的考生提供考研资料。勤思考研助愿每位考生都能考上自己理想的大学。如果对于考研专业课复习和报考存在疑问,可以留下问题,和勤思互动。4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  Text 24Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval. Then, too, the company went along.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [A] condemning.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [B] reaffirming.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [C] dishonoring.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [D] securing.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [B] seek favor from the federal legislature.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [C] acquire an extension of its business license .4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [D] get permission to purchase a power plant.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [A] managerial practices.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [B] technical innovativeness.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [C] financial goals.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [D] business vision4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  29. In the author's view, the Vermont case will test4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [B] the mature of states' patchwork regulations.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [A] Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  Text 34Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason.”4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [A] uncertainty and complexity.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [B] misconception and deceptiveness.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [C] logicality and objectivity.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [D] systematicness and regularity.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [A] strict inspection.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [B]shared efforts.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [C] individual wisdom.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [D]persistent innovation.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [A] has attracted the attention of the general public.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [B]has been examined by the scientific community.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [A] scientific claims will survive challenges.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [B]discoveries today inspire future research.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

  [D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.4Vf勤思考研-心理学考研,教育学考研,汉硕等专业课辅导!

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